Towards the phased haplotypes out-of chromosomes of queens, we are able to pick recombination events into the for every single drone

Honey bees have very large crossover cost and lower low-crossover prices

When you look at the for each and every nest, we have mosaic drone chromosomes that have genotype switching in one haplotype to the other of the queen (Contour 1B; Contour S2B and you will Figure S4 from inside the A lot more document step 1), which can be the result of COs or gene conversions. Once selection these types of prospective low-allelic succession alignments, the brand new genotype altering situations was basically thought of across the chromosomes to understand the fresh new CO otherwise gene conversion process situations. Just like the almost all actually noticed gene conversion rates various other taxa has actually system lengths much less than simply ten kb [8,45], we believe that the latest covers having >10 kb was an outcome of COs. If the spans below ten kb which have identical genotype based on among the a couple of haplotypes of king try believed so you’re able to function as the outcome of gene conversion rates (and additionally crossover-relevant gene conversions and you can low-crossover gene conversions), while covers >10 kb are believed as COs, a maximum of step three,505 COs and 250 gene conversion process occurrences was basically thought of about 43 drones (these are generally the sites from numerous COs associated with the higher openings, Extra document cuatro). Of those 250 gene conversion rates almost all (221) are not when you look at the proximity in order to CO incidents and you will mean, i assume, NCO occurrences. Provided good genome out of proportions 220 Mb (shared duration of developed chromosomes), which have normally 81.5 COs for each genome, we imagine good CO price away from 37 cM/Mb and five to six NCO gene sales for each drone for every single meiosis (Desk jaumo visitors step one and you can Desk S4 inside Extra document 2). NCO incidents within the pit places cannot getting understood when you’re CO incidents during the pit places in theory can be understood. Offered a beneficial 9.04% pit regarding genome, the real level of NCOs will be 9.04% higher, which being a correction.

We remember that relaxing the new 10 kb assumption for the period to define if or not a beneficial recombination tract can be defined as gene conversion process or crossover renders little to no huge difference (Extra file 1: Profile S5). 86 and you can , respectively); whenever we imagine gene conversion tracts is up to 20 kb the brand new equivalent wide variety handle to help you six.21 rather than . Thus the brand new discovering that extremely recombination situations are crossovers and you will NCO gene transformation is apparently rare was strong to the 10 kb assumption. So it mainly shows you to definitely rareness away from recombination events regarding the step one so you can 20 kb diversity, sure enough in the event that gene transformation is rare and you can tracts is brief. More over even in the event our company is ‘even more generous’ so you’re able to gene conversion process situations, increasing the cutoff really worth so you can one hundred kb, we get well just ten.step 3 gene conversions each drone and you can 72.5 crossovers for each drone. Once the all of our strategy shall be strong in order to calculating NCO gene conversion process pricing, the aforementioned numbers, and therefore bring each other NCO and you can uncommon cutting-edge CO associated gene sales, try liberal quotes of one’s NCO gene conversion rate (given limitations imposed of the marker occurrence). An evidently low NCO gene rate of conversion therefore is apparently a robust conclusion.

If we demand a top maximum for gene conversions of 1 kb then the quantity of gene conversions (each other NCO and you may CO-associated) decreases a little while the CO rates increases (so you can 4

A keen implicit presumption i make is that the recombination rate mentioned into the drones are reflective of these educated by family genes transmitted in order to professionals. As meiosis happens just before staff/drone specs, a beneficial priori i expect you to family genes into the workers and drones so you can have seen an identical recombination rate. This really is in reality the actual situation. We discover sampling half a dozen workers off colony III (Tricks for details) that the level of crossover situations during the for every haplotype (82.0 ± 8.six, about list of 69 so you can 90; Table S1 within the A lot more document dos) is no distinctive from one experienced in drones (two-tailed Brunner-Munzel attempt, P = 0.90).